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'Unit of selection' is a polysemic expression, meaning interactor, replicator/reproducer or manifestor of adaptation/type-1 agent in today's biological research. This Element presents each of these concepts and demonstrates the necessity of their isolation.

Natural selection --- Evolution (Biology) --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Philosophy.

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Deep Life takes readers to uncharted regions deep beneath Earth's crust in search of life in extreme environments and reveals how astonishing new discoveries by geomicrobiologists are helping the quest to find life in the solar system.Tullis Onstott, named one of the 100 most influential people in America by Time magazine, provides an insider's look at the pioneering fieldwork that is shining vital new light on Earth's hidden biology-a thriving subterranean biosphere that scientists once thought to be impossible. Come along on epic descents two miles underground into South African gold mines to experience the challenges that Onstott and his team had to overcome. Join them in their search for microbes in the ancient seabed below the desert floor in the American Southwest, and travel deep beneath the frozen wastelands of the Arctic tundra to discover life as it could exist on Mars.Blending cutting-edge science with thrilling scientific adventure, Deep Life features rare and unusual encounters with exotic life forms, including a bacterium living off radiation and a hermaphroditic troglodytic worm that has changed our understanding of how complex subsurface life can really be. This unforgettable book takes you to the absolute limits of life-the biotic fringe-where today's scientists hope to discover the very origins of life itself.

Adaptation (Biology) --- Extreme environments. --- Space environment.

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Chemical tests and reagents. --- Adaptation (Biology)

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Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders, Volume 31 in the Translational Epigenetics series, examines the epigenetic mechanisms involved in modifying DNA or gene expression following prolonged stress and/or trauma. Sections introduce both genetic and psychiatric foundations, including modes of epigenetic modification and gene expression that result from stress, as well as the medical knowledge required to understand stress related disorders and resilience. From here, chapters discuss epigenetic research techniques applied in recent studies, including epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of PTSD and resilience, the possible effects of prolonged stress on telomere shortening, and the long-term physical effects of PSTD. The book concludes by examining the possible effects of transgenerational stress-induced epigenetic alterations on the resilience of future offspring, the potential for epigenetic therapeutics, and public health implications. Examines the epigenetics of stress, trauma and related stress disorders Includes methods (e.g. EWAS), protocols and directions for further studies Connects new research to clinical practice and highlights implications for patient care, drug discovery and public health

Stress (Physiology) --- Epigenetics. --- Physiological stress --- Tension (Physiology) --- Adaptation (Biology)

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Adaptation (Biology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Philosophy --- History --- Philosophy --- History